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The relationship between employment and immigration in special levels of Systan & Balochestan including rural and urban regions is studied in the present paper with the purpose of analysis, modeling and prediction of employment role in immigration. Research method is analytical-descriptive with quantitative approach in which models of labor market, correlation and regression are used. Two variables(employment deficit and out-immigration) obtained from labor market model were introduced as independent and dependent variables in modeling process respectively and then their relationship was predicted. This research considers immigration as an outcome of geographical differences between supply and demand of labor force and indicates the worse labor market of rural regions than urban regions during five decades (1956-2006). There is a direct and strong relationship between employment deficit and out-immigration in rural and urban regions (correlation coefficient: 0.9). 90% of immigrations occurred in rural and urban regions during the five decades are characterized by employment deficit. It is predicted that when employment deficit in urban regions is eliminated completely and there isn’t employment surplus, these regions will accept immigrants (about 23000 people) and if this happens in rural regions, out-immigration will be diminished greatly about 500 people. Findings indicate that employment deficit is population pulled to the region and employment deficit is population driven from the region. So providing employment opportunities in the region through investment in providing new employment opportunities can be recognized as the most effective solution to prevent evacuation of rural and urban regions of the province.

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Correct estimation of suspended sediment and its impact on the design and management of water projects, have always vital roles in advancement of studies concerning the river engineering, especially with consideration of the technical and economic difficulties associated with the installation and operation of stations for measuring sedimentation. Therefore, presenting an appropriate strategy for accurate prediction of sediment load of rivers would be significantly valuable. The deficiency in having a full set of precise measurements for the influential parameters in the sedimentation process and also the complete non-linear nature of models for the corresponding methods result in the rather inaccurate estimation, and therefore without the possibility of evaluating the changes in the sedimentation carried by the flow as a function of time, it would be impossible to come up with a comprehensive model. The purpose of present study is the evaluation of capability of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Genetic Programing (GP) in predicting the sediment load in the Ahar-Chai. In order to estimate the sediment load, flow rate data, precipitation data, temperature data, and earlier sedimentation data have been used in these models. These models were applied to the Ahar-Chai River located in the East-Azarbayjan Province and the results were investigated and were compared to the collected data. In order to assess the efficiency of each of aforementioned models, the calculated data using each model were compared to the observed data using parameters namely, Coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (E) and root mean square error (RMSE). Finally, the Genetic Programing was identified as the best model in estimating the sedimentation in Ahar-Chai river was identified and recommended.

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In order to understand the course of a river in human life as water supplier which causes destruction and damage, it is necessary to determine the flood zone with great accuracy. The aim of the present study is determining the flood zone of Khesht river in Khesht and Komarej division in Kazeroon city, situated in south western of Fars with the length of 10 Km. In this research on of the newest type of aerial photos was used to determine the studied terrains and scope.ً the regional Orthophotos (aerial photos which reduce the diversions related to camera and change in altitude after photography and then they are made after combination with digital elevation model by means of special software) with an accuracy of 1:2000 have been modelled incorporation with HEC-GeoRas extension and HEC-RAS software with return period of 25, 50 ,100 years. In order to achieve this we used Orthophotos in HEC-GeoRas extension to extract (access) the geometric features for 202 cross sections and calibration of hydraulic HEC-RAS model. We estimated water profile in return period of 25, 50, 100 years. Also we used HEC-GeoRas extension to show the flood zone of river. The results showed that there were no significant differences in flood zones In addition river condition in the mentioned return periods was subcritical.

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Recently, Use of fuzzy sets has been considered by geomorphologists. due to consider a range of possibilities instead of numbers, no limits on quantitative methods and a more accurate prediction of the instability slopes. The aims of this study are identify areas with high susceptibility of instability slope in Mahabad watershed has been done using fuzzy model. At first, the factors affecting on the occurrence mass movement were determined. These effective factors were mapped with satellite image (ETM+), topographic map (1/50000), geological map (1/100000), and field surveys. Then, the additive and multiplicative algebraic function fuzzy, carried out on factors and overlaps were done. Finally, based on the best possible gamma (Gamma 0.7), the final mass movement susceptibility map has been obtained. The results showed that about 33.8 percent (equal to 254.64 km²) of the total area of Mahabad watershed have “high” and “very high” the susceptibility of mass movements. Comparison of the final maps with the effective factors indicating that the areas with the possibility of very high are according to areas of slope degrees of over than 20 percent, elevation of sea of over than 2300 meters, regions with a high density of faults and the steep terraces river.

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The contamination of groundwater in relation to agricultural activities and urban development is one of the most important issues in the management of this valuable resource. Earth statistics and geographic information system techniques can be a strong tool in the production of spatial data and determine the appropriate management strategies. In this study with comparing of Kriging and Co- Kriging series Earth statistics methods, determine the most appropriate method of providing location changes map the amount of groundwater phosphate and nitrate with emphasis on the for drinking. The study area in this research, Gharah- Soo watershed, located in the West of Golestan province. Accuracy evaluation of the results and determine the most appropriate method of interpolation also is done by using criterion of mutual transvaluation and by using criterions of Root Mean Square Error, General Standard Deviation and Mean Absolute Error. Compare of methods represents a high throughput method of Co- Kriging using auxiliary variable, an estimated amount of nitrate and phosphate. In the next step using multiple linear regression, identify factors affecting on the reduction of water quality. Based on the results of the multiple linear regression modeling, independent variables of elevation, soil, distance from land farming, geology, land use, population density and nitrogen fertilizer consumption at the level of 99 percent have significant impact. Distance from residential areas, underground water level and distance of road level also at the level of 99 percent have significant relationship with the distribution of Nitrate. In the case of the phosphate, independent variables of distance from forest, geology and population density, at the level of 99% and the independent variable the relationship between the cultivation area density and the amount of in phosphate fertilizer consumption in level of 95%, have a significant relationship with the distribution of phosphate in Gharah- Soo watershed. The results of the sensitivity analysis of the model with the use of explaining coefficient also this confirms the content. Map Preparation of water quality parameters spatial variations can be in programmed and decisions useful future managers.The contamination of groundwater in relation to agricultural activities and urban development is one of the most important issues in the management of this valuable resource. Earth statistics and geographic information system techniques can be a strong tool in the production of spatial data and determine the appropriate management strategies. In this study with comparing of Kriging and Co- Kriging series Earth statistics methods, determine the most appropriate method of providing location changes map the amount of groundwater phosphate and nitrate with emphasis on the for drinking. The study area in this research, Gharah- Soo watershed, located in the West of Golestan province. Accuracy evaluation of the results and determine the most appropriate method of interpolation also is done by using criterion of mutual transvaluation and by using criterions of Root Mean Square Error, General Standard Deviation and Mean Absolute Error. Compare of methods represents a high throughput method of Co- Kriging using auxiliary variable, an estimated amount of nitrate and phosphate. In the next step using multiple linear regression, identify factors affecting on the reduction of water quality. Based on the results of the multiple linear regression modeling, independent variables of elevation, soil, distance from land farming, geology, land use, population density and nitrogen fertilizer consumption at the level of 99 percent have significant impact. Distance from residential areas, underground water level and distance of road level also at the level of 99 percent have significant relationship with the distribution of Nitrate. In the case of the phosphate, independent variables of distance from forest, geology and population density, at the level of 99% and the independent variable the relationship between the cultivation area density and the amount of in phosphate fertilizer consumption in level of 95%, have a significant relationship with the distribution of phosphate in Gharah- Soo watershed. The results of the sensitivity analysis of the model with the use of explaining coefficient also this confirms the content. Map Preparation of water quality parameters spatial variations can be in programmed and decisions useful future managers.

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Dalahoo mass located in Folded Zagros structural unit. The purpose of this investigation is mapping the surface karst development is in the Zagros folded. Nine elements of lithology, faults, elevation, rainfall, temperature, use land (vegetation), slope and aspect as independent variables in the process of karst formation and development and also geomorphology karst formation are involved in the study area. Mapping of surface karst development and the effects of different factors in permeability formations, Is necessary. The fuzzy logic model (gamma function) In order to achieve this goal, is used. Based on the results, Dalahoo mass in terms of zoning surface karst development were divided four four non Karst region, Karst with the development of low, medium developed and developed regions. Evaluation zoning map with sinkholes and karst Polje, showed high precision and high efficiency of this model to evaluate the development of karst surface.

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Change detection and prediction of land cover change in the overall vision for better management of natural resources, protection of agricultural land around urban areas is very effective long-term policies and strategies. one of the methods used to control the process of changes in land cover and land use planners, is modeling. The land use maps 2000 and 2014 BEHBAHAN city was prepared using maximum likelihood classification. It also uses a Markov chain and logistic regression was 2028 land use map. Mapping modeled after the detection of changes in land use map was made in 2014 and 2028 with the LCM. Assess the accuracy, land use maps in 2000 and 2014 to evaluate the accuracy Kappa coefficient and logistic regression with (ROC) Relative Operating Characteristic was calculated. The results of modeling with logistic regression model showed that in all sub model ROC statistic is more than 94/0 These results show a very good offer logistic regression model in the analysis of changes in land use change modeling The results showed the sharpest decline mainly include changes is destruction of rangelands and convert it to other land uses. The highest increase was seen in the area of agricultural land use. Rangeland degradation process can be alarming for managers and urban planners and natural resources. To prevent the decline of rangeland degradation, the need to provide appropriate and efficient management solutions in the fields of grazing and rangeland restoration and improvement programs.                                             

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Abstract

Estimation of plant water requirement is one of the most important needs of the agricultural activity which can play an important role in the proper use of water resources. The first step for calculating of plant water requirement is the estimation of reference Evapotranspiration. According to this fact that the estimation of potential evapotranspiration needs lots of meteorological parameters, the aim of this research is to obtain a simple equation for estimating of evapotranspiration, using principal component analysis in Ardabil and Tabriz. For this aim parameters including temperature (maximum, mean and minimum), relative humidity, sunshine hours, precipitation and the wind speed in daily scale for a period of 1962-2016 for Tabriz and 1992-2015 for Ardebil is used.

The results of principal component analysis reduce these parameters to two and three components (PC) for Tabriz and Ardebil respectively. These PC explain the 78% of parameter’s variance in Tabriz and 83% in Ardebil, respectively. By using of these components, new equations are obtained for calculate the potential evapotranspiration. The results of evapotranspiration modeling show that the coefficient of determination between daily reference evapotranspiration and principal components (PC) for calibration and verification periods are 0.53 and 0.69 for Tabriz and 071 and 0.73 for Ardebil, respectively. Also, the Nash coefficients for Tabriz are 0.61 and 0.61 and for Ardebil are 071 and 0.73 which showing the appropriate performance of models. The results also show that the evapotranspiration in Tabriz is highly affected by temperature parameter, relative humidity and sunshine hours and in Ardebil is only affected by temperature.

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This study aimed to identify factors leading to slope instability, Maps preparation, determine potential areas mass movements and risk zoning in the Upper Basin Komanaj Chay. That is one of the important basins in the northern city of Tabriz, by Using logistic regression models and artificial neural network done. This basin due to topography, tectonics, geology, stratigraphy, and the climate is prone to a variety of slope instability, this phenomenon always occurs. According to the study variables such as altitude, slope, aspect, type of formation, distance to fault, distance from the river, land use, distance from the road, as the independent variable And distribution of unstable slopes as the dependent variable using logistic regression models and artificial neural network was analyzed .The results showed that the most important factors in the occurrence of slope instability in the basin are as follows: Elevation, distance from the river, lithology, faults, slope and aspect More than 50 percent of instability range in height from 1850 to 1520 in the study area dip 32-17 degrees, at a distance of 200 meters from the canal and 500 meters from the fault occurred. According to the results of a very high percentage of areas the risk of neural network and logistic regression models respectively 5.6 and 8.3 percent is the mainly areas close to the drainage network which includes the lithology of these areas are located in areas with lower resistance. Statistical methods logistics showed a lot of reflects of faults and lithology in this areas is based Landslide. Evaluation ROC indicator showed that the model was assessed using logistic regression model is 0.894 and neural network models is 0.826. In fact, both models show a high value and suggest that mass movement and slope instabilities observed a strong relationship with probability values derived from logistic regression models and artificial neural network model. The results of this study can be useful risk management slope instabilities and control is deteriorating factors.

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One of the main problems in the construction of development projects, in particular, the input shaft boring machines for mechanized tunnel construction projects in urban areas, study and soil slope stability of their suppliers. The slope stability analysis Find Confidence is the basis for sustainable economic trenches created and at the same time as it is. Most useful in analyzing such issues, numerical modeling of the attic and compare the results with actual measurements-is.Are

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Earthquakes can cause significant disruption and devastation in communities. Especially, Iran is one of the countries with the most natural hazards, while earthquake causes most of casualties in this country for several reasons including the inappropriate construction methods, the improper physical growth and the lack of minimum necessary requirement. Mashhad is a city located in the northeast of Iran, the center and capital of Razavi Khorasan Province and the second largest populated city after Tehran. This city because of the high-density housing and the absence of urban development plans in worn-out context is facing a more serious risk. In this study a new hybrid method has been proposed for emergency location problem. First, a system dynamics model for the urban has been used to estimate the number of damaged buildings by focusing on construction and population subsystems. Second, the number of earthquake casualty has been estimated by the casualty estimation model of Coburn and Spence, while the output of system dynamics model is the most important inputs of this model. This method is implemented for different possible earthquake scenarios in Mashhad. Each scenario has been defined based on the length of active fault, the acceleration of activity and the greatness of the quake. Third, the Geographical Information System (GIS) has been used to specify the potential emergency location centers to cover the population. Finally, the location allocation model has been presented to locate the emergency location centers cover the survivors. The results of this hybrid model showed that we need at most 231 emergengency locations in the worst case and the minimum needed locations is 93. 
 

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The purpose of the present study was modeling villagers’ intention to adopt e-marketing and rural provincial clustering. The data was collected from 988 villages with ICT offices from 31 provinces of Iran. The results showed that the rate of agricultural income in villages with ICT offices was desirable but income of handicrafts and tourism was lower than the average. Also, rural access to city and ICT users were acceptable. In designing the research model, the “theory of planned behavior” (TPB) was developed. In this regard, a new factor called rural economic geography was added having five new variables such as rural access, rural tourism, agriculture, rural handicrafts, and population. Thus, the “Geographic Model of Planned Behavior” (GeoTPB) was presented. In the new model, the impact of geographic factor on behavioral factor was examined using structural equation modeling approach. In general, the rural economic geography had a direct impact (64%) on behavioral factors and in the next step, the behavioral factor (as full mediation) affected the intention. The Geographic Model of Planned Behavior predicted villagers' intention to e-marketing adoption up to 75%. In addition, the K-means clustering indicated that Iran rural regions can be placed in six clusters due to economical and behavioral factors. In most clusters, rural economic geography was effective on behavioral factor. The interesting finding was that Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, and Khuzestan provinces in cluster 1 were the leading regions in e-marketing adoptions. These regions were recorded as less-developed villages in the reports of the statistics center indicating that the development of technology was significantly effective on the digital literacy of the inhabitants of these regions. The findings emphasized the significance of considering behavioral factors in geographic studies to provide realistic solutions for rural development.
 

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Climate change is one of the most important challenges of this century. The maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation were predicted for the intermediate future (2046- 2065) and distant future (2100- 2080) by statistical downscaling outputs of HadCM3 model under emission scenarios shows average of the mean temperatures will increase in the range of 1.5 to 2.1 °C in the next 50 years (20-year average of the intermediate future) and 2.4 to 3.9 °C in the next 100 years (20-year average of the distant future) compared to the base periods. According to the results of this study, drought is one of the most serious future crises in the country, which if not addressed, will threaten Iran's future in various aspects.

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Nowadays, following the technological advances and increased accuracy of remote sensing and satellite imagery capabilities, it seems that the combination of these capabilities with the available information of changes or destruction of the resources in the past and present, and base on the modeling will be able to predict the land cover changes in the natural and anthropogenic areas such as protected area. One of the most important ways to obtain this object is the spatial modeling of land cover changes using various strategies. Therefore, the present study was to evaluate the ability of Ca-Markov model to estimate the land cover changes in protected area located in the Bijar state from 1987 to 2013 period and also modeling of this changes and predict of them for 2026. For this purpose, Landsat images of 1987, 2000, and 2013 were used to extraction of land cover maps. Validation of the model was taken by comparing the predicted map of 2013 using model and land cover map for the same year. The rangelands and agriculture lands use in 2013 were about 21180.65 and 10273.53 hectares which prediction result of the model showed 21935.97 and 9631.62 hectares, respectively. This result indicates the high accuracy of the Ca-Markov model to predict the land cover changes in 2013. The results showed that from 1987 to 2000, about 12 percent, and from 2000 to 2013, about 10 percent of the rangelands converted to agriculture lands. The prediction result of Ca-Markov model shows that if the current trend continues, between 2013 and 2026, about 13 percent of the rangelands will converted to agriculture land.         
 

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the appropriateness of the development of Tabriz metropolis based on the principles of urban viability. The present study is in the category of applied research that has been done with case-analysis method and quantitative approach. Due to the nature of the data and the impossibility of controlling the behavior of the effective variables in the problem is also non-experimental. Initially, using the existing standards, the desired and ideal values ​​of each of the operational indicators were compiled and the values ​​of each indicator in each of the 10 regions were extracted. To collect data, documentary-library methods including detailed sources of population and housing census and statistics of Tabriz metropolis (2016-2017), comprehensive plan (2016) and detailed (2012) of Tabriz, as well as distribution of questionnaires and field observations were used. Is. Data were analyzed using one-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression and Scheffe post hoc test in SPSS software. In order to model the structural equations of livability using structural equations in Amos software, the most important influential variables of development (economic, social, physical, institutional and environmental) in evaluating the viability of Tabriz metropolis were studied. The results of the study indicate a poor evaluation of these items so that a small number are in a stable state and in other cases, including physical, economic and environmental indicators are in an unstable state. The results of this study also show that the development of Tabriz metropolis in recent decades is not commensurate with the principles of livability and the share of regions is not the same in terms of viability and sustainability indicators.

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Introduction
Because of globalization and cultural globalization, local and national identities getting deformed. Have been lost their originality and social interaction, places transform to the planeness Relph stated that this placeness have qualities like biformal, sense of none formality, deforestation of places.
Since tourist are tend to visit urban spaces that are unique and have different qualities, so, the repetitions of other communities urbanism patterns in urban areas would have negative effects on attraction of urban spaces. So, there seem to have need to put local pattern and values in cornerstone of urban policy. Thus, urban spaces are required to be context friendly to be more competitive and attractive.
Besides, since there is a critical demand for shopping malls and restoring classic Bazzars, cultural transformation of time passing, dominance of classicity and new needs of communities including tourists, it is logical to offer contextualism pattern in such spaces. Unless there would be such a new pattern, it can be deteriorated function and branding of the spaces. Getting the pattern, it is required to empirically test its impacts on brand equity of Lalehpark shopping center. As if it would have positive on brand equity it would be recommended to apply this pattern for designing such shopping spaces.
Materials and Methods
Aiming to sort out particular problem of the society, the research is considered as applied one. The method is considered as mixed method which firstly thematic method (as a qualitative method) were included in the research. For doing thematic analysis for getting contextualism pattern for modern shopping centers, interviews were done and in 9^th interview theoretical saturation were recognized in the research process. In this phase, thematic analysis started to work and after initial coding, it is required to mix the codes. The mixed codes forms main and sub themes. By making sub theme, the codes have hemoginity categorize in same main theme, and then by using the components extracted of it for contextualism its impact on brand equity were examined by  structural equation modeling . the appropriate software were determined for executing such a modeling was Smart-Pls. doing explanatory factor analysis, data were inserted to Smart-PlS to have firstly some tests on validity, reliability, T-valueand based on them three items were removed to have valid results.
 
Discussion
The results shows that there is a positive impact of contextualism on brand equity by .767 route coeffienct, as well there is such a positive impact between contextualism contextualism i.e. symbolic contextulaism, convergence contextualism and geographic contextualism and brand equity variable. The results imply that in order to have a great brand equity in such shopping centers it is better to practical execute of the pattern in such shopping centers. As well, the results indicate that to have attractiveness in such shopping centers it should include some historical and cultural values in designing.
Although the research made some different pattern for shopping centers that have not ever offered but there is a similarity with background researches such as Merriles and etal and Eladly.
In spite of having some good features such as its attractiveness, publicity, offering well-known brands, there would be some recommendation for its improvement:
1-making bus line and sub way system terminated to Lalehpark.
2- Have more cultural events in the shopping center.
3- Completing shopping center projects surrounded to Lalehpark and harmonize them with Lalehpark as distinctive building based in the area.
4-offering spaces for youth such as sitting areas or reading areas.
5- Prioritizing low income individuals demands and offering affordable products.
6- Making separation of food court and path to have more calm and safe place for serving food.

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Abstract
 Introduction: The main purpose of this study was to model the drivers that affect the functioning of laws for good water governance in Iran. Materials: To achieve this goal, structural-interpretive modeling method was used. In terms of applied purpose, in terms of collecting descriptive-survey information and in terms of research paradigm, the present research is a combination of research (quantitative-qualitative) with an exploratory approach. The data collection tool was a researcher-construction questionnaire with a matrix nature. The statistical population of the study was 14 experts. Discussion of results: Based on Mikmak analysis in the dependent area, the factor of compatibility of laws with the economic situation of users and in the communication area. Factors: quality of related laws, monitoring of good implementation of laws, compatibility of laws with social status of users, compliance with laws and administrative regulations With the needs of water governance, anticipation of the enforcement of timely laws, public confidence in the results of law enforcement. Conclusion: Mikmak's analysis showed that the components in the dependent and communication areas have a greater role in determining the effective drivers in the functioning of laws and any action in the functioning of laws related to the water sector at the national level should be considered. And the position of the components that make up the dependent and communication factors. It is suggested that the guidelines for monitoring the proper implementation of laws be reviewed and that in the process of drafting and approving laws, the necessary attention be paid to the issue of compatibility of laws with the social status of users

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Today, smart tourism is growing and developing as a new type of tourism industry. Due to the growth of new technologies, countries can not act on tourism development without considering their impact and at the same time guarantee its sustainability. However, there are problems and challenges in this regard. Aras Free Zone as an example of this study is no exception and the main purpose of this study is to identify the challenges of smart tourism development in this area. In this regard, the research method of the present article is exploratory in nature and practical in purpose. The required information has been collected through library and field studies (questionnaire). The statistical population of the study was the experts in the field of tourism in Aras Free Zone. Using snowball method, 10 people were interviewed as a statistical sample of the research. Also, for the validity of extractive indicators, content analysis (CVR) method and for identifying the most important challenges of smart tourism, structural-interpretive modeling (ISM) and Mick Mac analysis have been used. In this regard, the research findings have shown that out of 20 challenges extracted from theoretical foundations, 14 challenges have acceptable validity. The challenges of manpower, organizational-management, information and communication technology, financial resources and infrastructure are considered as key challenges in the development of smart tourism in the Aras Free Zone, which have a great impact on the development of smart tourism.