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For vulnerability reduction of cities to earthquake hazard, such as Tehran city, it is necessary to adopt policies based on the accurate recognition of the nature and causes of vulnerability. The excessiveness of non resistant buildings in developing countries and cities such as Tehran, vaises the question that: Why the degree of seismic vulnerability of buildings, especially residential buildings, is different and high. to answer this question, the review of theories of vulnerability and disaster management showed that retrofitting and vulnerability have deep social dimensions. thus, based on the theories of social structure of vulnerability, the purpose of this research is analyzing the effects of  socio-economic factors on residential vulnerability of houses of Tehran city. The research method is descriptive- analytical. Sample volume of households calculated by Cochran's method (325), and sampling was done by cluster method. Needed data gathered by household and expert questionnaires, and analyzed by correlation and linear regression methods. The findings showed that there are reverse relation between degree of residential vulnerability of houses and income -0.575, literacy -0.692, employment -0.825, socio-economic status -0.665, risk perception -0.326. According to the result of linear regression analysis, 83 percent of changes of seismic vulnerability explained. The Conclusion is that, residential vulnerability and retrofitting have deep socio- economic dimensions. So, for buildings retrofitting, in addition to technical and engineering factors, socio-economic factors such as poverty reduction and socio-economic empowerment of households and individuals must take in attention seriously.

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Differentiate and spatial inequality in the structural and spatial dimensions is one of the most important issues in country development and planning. Indeed, derangement in planning and policy process and inequality in services, general facilities and infrastructures among human habitats has been result from spatial inequality. The research with emphasis on fieldwork and analysis methods has an important aim that is assessment of effective processes in spatial inequality of urban facilities in Tehran's districts. However, this study is based on Fieldwork and descriptive data which accomplished in Tehran Metropolitan. 384 people in this research have been choice by use of Morgan sampling method. Moreover, T test and Vikor multi-criteria decision making model in SPSS and GIS applied for data analysis and map drawing. Total results have been demonstrate that in Land-use distribution process and standard per capita,  educational Land-use with -69.156 m² and transportation with -26.382 m² for one people have high spatial inequality and residential Land-use and security services have least spatial inequality. In the base of T test, Social index is most important in spatial inequality with 1.059 T score. Fiscal result from Vikor model show that in services and facilities distribution range; 16 districts with 1Qi score is best urban area and 6 districts with 0.004Qi score have minimal urban services. Therefore, inequality in distribution of urban services and facilities is obvious phenomena in Tehran's urban districts. Development of structural and general investment in all districts and regions with square distribution approach, optimization of political and social partnership between people and urban managers and planning base on citizen needs and according to cultural, economic and social structure are the best strategies in order to generate of spatial justice

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Walk the oldest and most natural form of movement in the city. Humans can thus communicate with their environment and the social interactions and social vitality of towns is a result of it. Thus, according to development indicators walking in urban areas seems necessary. This study aims to evaluate the comparative development indicators in Tehran's walk. The research is descriptive and analytical survey method and questionnaire for citizens was used. The population of the study, all residents of the neighborhood Amirabad and up Tehran University, using a sample of 383 randomly selected examples. The writers for more accurate research results, the sample size has been increased to 400. Minitab16 statistical software for data analysis were used. The results show that the effective components for the development of walking, index, access, continuity of the route, uses diversity, social, security, environment, neighborhood, dynamism and charm and comfort in the neighborhood of Tehran University and the safety index Amirabad area is suitable.

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Urban management is a comprehensive concept and It aims to strengthen government agencies and And various NGOs to identify programs and policies They are implemented with optimum results and  No it is not possible to run a city. But today, Cities, especially in large cities due to the problems of excessive  Makes the traditional urban management lose their effectiveness And in this regard, Integrated urban management as a learning management entity and Engaged with the issues and phenomena very broad and diverse cities and urbanization is essential To eventually achieve sustainable development in the city can be attained. Type of this research is descriptive-analytic study. And collect data from field studies and library use. Also for analysis Multi-criteria decision-making models (DEMATEL fuzzy TOPSIS) is used. The findings show that among the main criteria for research,  Communication structure with the highest weight factor and direct impact in first place with 19.17 points, Legal terms policymakers with a score (19.11) in second place And eventually attitude with a score (19.00) in third with And these factors are the most important factors in the implementation of integrated urban management in metropolitan Tehran. The following criteria are also based on TOPSIS reflects the fact that Organizational tasks overlap in various organs related to urban management, Weak information infrastructure for integrated urban management and  Anonymous integrated approach in the management of different spatial levels First to third positions respectively in terms of experts, business professionals and Have a greater impact on the implementation of integrated urban management in the metropolis.

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Quality of life is one of the factors that today has a special place in urban studies. Efforts to improve the quality of life and its satisfaction in dysfunctional urban areas, especially in metropolises, due to a problem called burnout, and this problem has caused vulnerability and severe dissatisfaction with the quality of life in these tissues, has now become one Urgency and necessity have become. Therefore, in this paper, the purpose of identifying and measuring the effect of factors affecting the quality of life in inefficient tissues in the 12th district of Tehran is to enhance and improve the quality of life environment in these tissues. Based on this, the basis of assessing the quality of life in the inefficient tissue of the 12th district of Tehran is a measure of satisfaction with the quality of life in these tissues from residents' point of view. Statistical methods such as T-test, multivariate regression and Path analysis have been used to measure the effect of factors affecting quality of life. The method of this research is "applied" from the point of view of the "descriptive-analytical" study method and the collection of data and data is in both documentary-survey and deductive-deductible. The sample size of the study was 384 with regard to the inefficient tissue population of the 12th district of Tehran and using the Cochran formula. The validity of the questionnaire components was verified by a number of experts and faculty members of the university. Also, to verify the reliability of the research tool Also, the pre-test method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used. This coefficient was calculated for total indices of questionnaire 0.791 which indicates the appropriate and acceptable reliability of the questionnaire's tool and its structural validity is examined by factor analysis. The results of the research show that the satisfaction of the components of housing, physical-physical, social, economic, transport, environment and services is significant and indicates a low level of quality in these indices. Housing, physical, environmental and economic factors have the most effect on satisfaction with poor quality of life in 12th district of Tehran.

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The city as a symbol of the cultural, social, physical ،situation; the political and economic and technology at any age and can measure to evaluate periodically the process of transformation of its society. Urban tissues as well as in every country and in every age and stroke fits the country's degree of development groups and activists through various factors, and formed social, economic conditions; the country's cultural and political at every time in the formation of the urban tissue has been effective. The overall goal of the present paper reviews the role of activists involved in the renovation of the (District 12 Tehran)  decay is, in this respect, after studying the records research and thematic literature research, interview ocksb comments in this regard the role of teachers and the impact of each of the activists on the improvement and modernization of the decay was about analysis. The five activists in the renewal process of decay are: Government agencies, local institutions, residents of worn texture, goals and rahbarha and the private sector. The study of the collection and description, as the method is in terms of the objective applied. Statistical research community District 12 residents of Tehran. With respect to the total population of the area 12, it must be said that statistical research community as 240720. due to the high number of population distribution of the questionnaire and the interview, part of a statistical sample for interview and questionnaire distribution selected. In the field, using the method of sampling Morgan, 384 people as the statistical sample is selected. To collect information of a statistical sample of the questionnaire with regard to research and operational variables to set, use them. To determine the validity of the validity of the content of the information collected. Validity of the researcher research using reliability test was 0/963. In order to analyze the data from the exploratory factor analysis and structural equation with Lisrell software was used. Based on the results obtained from a structural equations model, a significant coefficient (T-VALUE) for a set of relationships between research variables with each other and the activists.  That the relationship between the activists (Government agencies, local institutions, residents of worn texture, goals and rahbarha and private sector) on effective indicators and dimensions on worn texture of the District 12 Tehran that contains the (economic factors, social factors, physical factors, environmental factors, political factors-legal-administrative and legal factors) respectively against 3/53، 3/5،3/6،3/24،3/62. When considering whether the amount of the obtained T is more than 96.1 can be confidently 95 stating that there is a significant relationship between the variables. As well as the amount of times a factor or standardized coefficient, obtained for the activists related to arrange 0/16،0/15،0/10،0/52،0/09.The city as a symbol of the cultural, social, physical ،situation; the political and economic and technology at any age and can measure to evaluate periodically the process of transformation of its society. Urban tissues as well as in every country and in every age and stroke fits the country's degree of development groups and activists through various factors, and formed social, economic conditions; the country's cultural and political at every time in the formation of the urban tissue has been effective. The overall goal of the present paper reviews the role of activists involved in the renovation of the (District 12 Tehran)  decay is, in this respect, after studying the records research and thematic literature research, interview ocksb comments in this regard the role of teachers and the impact of each of the activists on the improvement and modernization of the decay was about analysis. The five activists in the renewal process of decay are: Government agencies, local institutions, residents of worn texture, goals and rahbarha and the private sector. The study of the collection and description, as the method is in terms of the objective applied. Statistical research community District 12 residents of Tehran. With respect to the total population of the area 12, it must be said that statistical research community as 240720. due to the high number of population distribution of the questionnaire and the interview, part of a statistical sample for interview and questionnaire distribution selected. In the field, using the method of sampling Morgan, 384 people as the statistical sample is selected. To collect information of a statistical sample of the questionnaire with regard to research and operational variables to set, use them. To determine the validity of the validity of the content of the information collected. Validity of the researcher research using reliability test was 0/963. In order to analyze the data from the exploratory factor analysis and structural equation with Lisrell software was used. Based on the results obtained from a structural equations model, a significant coefficient (T-VALUE) for a set of relationships between research variables with each other and the activists.  That the relationship between the activists (Government agencies, local institutions, residents of worn texture, goals and rahbarha and private sector) on effective indicators and dimensions on worn texture of the District 12 Tehran that contains the (economic factors, social factors, physical factors, environmental factors, political factors-legal-administrative and legal factors) respectively against 3/53، 3/5،3/6،3/24،3/62. When considering whether the amount of the obtained T is more than 96.1 can be confidently 95 stating that there is a significant relationship between the variables. As well as the amount of times a factor or standardized coefficient, obtained for the activists related to arrange 0/16،0/15،0/10،0/52،0/09.

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Introduction:
At the intra-rural level, the term "rural form" can be defined as the physical structure and pattern of rural elements and in other words, defines rural form as the spatial pattern of the large, inert, permanent physical objects in a rural. In this regard, five general/ basic elements of rural Form are building type; infrastructures; land use; density; layout that base is for assay, evaluation and or organizing (renovation) of rural deteriorated textures (RDT); because of Rural deteriorated texture (RDT) is often created without any pre-defined plans and they have irregular structures. Thus, they need planning and coordinated intervention so that they could be organized. In this regards, yet scientifically appraisal has been not for Basic elements ranking for organizing of rural deteriorated textures. On the other hand, Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method has been introducing as a one of the most application ranking methods recently. Therefore, research aim is use Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method for ranking and evaluation of rural deteriorated textures with emphasis on Basic elements of rural Form.
 
Methodology:
The method of this research was descriptive and usage; Data gathering was done through library and field. 260 rural household questionnaires & 15 local manager in fifteen of rural deteriorated textures in the metropolises around of Tehran in eight provinces of the Tehran province selected (by using Kernel Density Estimation methods (KDE) & GIS software) and 15 questionnaires of the expert researchers (to have weight to criterias) were described and analyzed. In research being implemented by using the known indicators through entropy method & with regard to their importance are weighted & then being ranked according to these indicators & Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method. Too, being used SPSS and EXCEL.
 
Results:
Based on the results of criterias, Saleh abad sharghi rural is more favorable in Basic elements of rural Form and Then are to arrangement; Ghaleh boland rural, Hesar mehtar, Atashan, Mazdaran, Ramin, Hasan abad bagherof, Zavareh bid, Hesar koochak, Vastar, Jafar abad bagherof, Ghoeinak rakhshani, Kabir abad; Yahar, Mashhad firuzkuh by use Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method.
 
Conclusion:
Findings of the research show that the fifteen rural studied are different in terms of the status of the existing rural form (elements and components); that is to say Mashhad-e-firoozkouh rural is unfavorable compared to other rural areas in the existing status of Basic elements of rural Form and Then are to arrangement; Yahar rural, Kabir abad, Ghooeinak rakhshani, Jafar abad bagherof, Vastar, Hesar koochak, Zavareh bid, Hasan abad bagherof, Ramin, Mazdaran, Atashan, Hesar mehtar, Ghaleh boland, and ultimately Saleh abad sharghi are located in the east. In general, the current status of the rural form in Damavand province has less favorable conditions than other province; and Then are to arrangement; Pishva provinces, Tehran, Shahriar, Rei, Varamin, Firoozkuh, and ultimately Robat karim are located in the east. Hence, due to the undesirable condition of the rural form (elements and components), especially in nine of the above mentioned rural (including Mashhad firouzkuh, yahar, kabir abad, Ghoeinak rakhshani, Jafar abad bagherof, Vastar, Hesare koochak, Zavareh bid, Hasan abad bagherof) or Particularly in five provinces (including Damavand, Pishva, Tehran, Shahriar, Rei), it is necessary to organizing (renovation) in various dimension of simultaneously and balanced with the participation and cooperation of the local people (as the main actors) and the organizations and institutions Concerned (public, private, and NGOs as facilitators).

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Abstract:
Land surface temperature (LST) is the main factor in the energy balance of the Earth, and is used as input for climate and environmental changes models. In the past and even now, due to the lack or insufficient number meteorological stations, temperature has not been measured and recorded in many parts of the country, therefore, there is no accurate information on temperature changes in these regions. So there is a need for a method to measure this parameter that is fast and accurate as well as being the low cost and covering a wide area. Using remote sensing data due to its wide coverage, the availability of many images and rich archives is a good option for estimating this parameter. In this research, various methods for extracting land surface temperature including Mono-window, Artis and Stefan-Boltzman were investigated. In each method, emissivity was calculated from different ways, including NDVI, Classification and MODIS Product, and then entered into their equations. Landsat series including TM, ETM +, OLI and MODIS emissivity products were also used. To convert the surface temperature to  one and half meters height temperature, a precise environmental thermometer with a precision of 0.2 ° C and a linear relationship (air temperature= 0.44 × LST + 8.8) were used. Then, the results were tested using weather station data  via RMSE and t-test. The final results showed that the best method with RMSE 1.09 is using the ETM + image and the Stefan-Boltzman method, and the worst method with RMSE 2.64 is belonging to the use the MODIS image and the Mono-Window method. Therefore, it is recommended to use Stefan-Boltzman method for other regions which are geographically similar to this studied area.

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One of the new approaches in housing studies is measuring the various dimensions of housing in the form of sustainability indicators. Therefore, the main aim of the research is to explain the effects of sustainability components on the efficiency of social housing, which has been used to achieve goals, a combination of descriptive-analytical and causal methods. The statistical population of the study was social housing of Parand, which 382 were selected as the statistical sample. The main instrument of the research is a researcher-made questionnaire. With the initial processing of the content of the questionnaire and its thematic categorization, the observed variables were obtained for the five components of the sustainability constructor. The initial description of the variables indicated that they were lower than the average of sustainability and the efficiency weakness in terms of sustainability components. Five first-order confirmatory factor analysis models were developed and validated for measuring five subsamples of housing efficiency measurements. Finally, the role and effect of the observed variables and their five components on the measurement of social housing efficiency, as the main hidden dependent variable, and their relationships, were analyzed by means of a structural model of the fifth-factor confirmatory factor analysis. Regarding the general effects and final path coefficients, the results indicate that by eliminating the effects of measurement errors in the structural equation approach, the assessment of the social housing efficiency is influenced by the environmental, social, economic, cultural, physical and physical components, respectively Which is somewhat different from the results of describing the observed raw variables. In the efficiency of social housing.

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In the midst of environmental hazards, earthquakes destroying buildings and urban infrastructure, it causes a great deal of damage to property and property in and around urban areas. Facing this situation, developing resilient communities is the most appropriate strategy to deal with the earthquake crisis. The first step in a principled and conscious planning of creating resilient communities, measuring the resilience of urban structures against possible earthquakes. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the physical resilience of district 6 of Tehran against various earthquake scenarios. Ten effective criteria were used to measure 46 sub-criteria that were effective in physical resilience of the area. The research method is descriptive-analytical with practical purpose. To Analyze the Relative Weight of Criteria and Sub-Criteria of Network Analysis (ANP) and for designing earthquake scenarios at different intensities Fuzzy method and Dµ model in GIS environment were used. The results of the study showed that In earthquake of six magnitude 12.36% of total structures in the region Most located in one district municipality (Iranshahr neighborhood) and 2 district municipality (Nosrat neighborhood), They have little resilience to earthquakes. In Richter earthquake of seven, 55.24% of structures in the region have low resilience and 17.69% of structures have very little resilience to earthquakes. In the Eight earthquake of eight, with increasing earthquake intensity, 23.06% of structures in the region have low resilience and 53.31% of structures have low resilience. Most of these structures are located in district 6 of Tehran city in district 1 (Iranshahr and Valiasr neighborhood), 2 (Nosrat neighborhood), 3 (Behjat Abad and Ghaem neighborhoods), 4 (Fatemi neighborhood) and 5 (Argentina neighborhood).

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