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Abstract Although Geography is normally meant based on its mutual relations with human, but nowadays, without considering the functions and roles of these elements. The new areas of space have been formed which due to its relation with geographical scope, shows a new form of geographical space. The quest of human to create a new world parallel to the natural world because of having relations between human and his environment by trial and error of experience and science, made researchers and scientists to pay attention to the structures based on the simulators of their interest so that to reduce the maternal and spiritual expenses and time for the speed of science. Therefore, the virtual space comes from the cybernetics, the relation between human and machines, which creates virtual realities, virtual simulating patterns and cyberspace in its developed from to consider the over increasing technology and the function of virtual space in human’s life and the dependence of human on virtual space, this question rises, can we define a certain geography for cyberspace? And how can its component parts effect on the relation between human and physical geography? This study is going to answer these question by means of descriptive-analysis method, by this it seems that there is a significant relation between the developments of communicating technology and geography which led to the growth in the areas of network space geography. Therefore, considering the growth of function of virtual space, all trends of geography have been under influence and formed the data scape in this arena.

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Human life's qualification has been changed and improved by the enhancement of the human knowledge. However, this growth and development have not been equal in all parts of human habitats. As the results of this situation many different social sections have been formed containing different economic qualities such as developed provinces in national level or developed and developing countries in international level. To manage this socio-economic condition, it is very important to have correct information about economic quality for development plans and the reduction of economic inequities. In this research socio-economic qualification of west Azerbaijan province was studied by GIS spatial analysis and Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM). The availability of GIS and multi-criteria decision analysis methods allows combining knowledge derived from different sources to support socio-economic planning and management. Methods such as fuzzy AHP and MCDM have been employed with success to model the socio-economic evaluation techniques but these methods still are not used in many developing countries such as Iran. The main objective of this research is to introduce GIS as a powerful technology in socio-economic development studies. For this to happen, socio- economic indexes are prepared in raster map format in the GIS environment. In the next step all of these GIS dataset layers, stored in Geo-database and have been standardized by Fuzzy logic model. Pixel value of these raster dataset layers were then calculated from 100 percent on the basis of some ingredient indexes such as area, density and population. In the next step Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) was used to generate standard weights for weighted overly and consistency ratio was calculated equal to 0.02. Finally spatial distribution of socio- economic parameters was evaluated in counties of west Azerbaijan province by multi-criteria decision making including Bolin logic, WLC, SAW and AHP. Result of this research showed that counties in west Azerbaijan province have different quality of socio-economic development level and all of them can be divided into 5 classes including Urmia at first class, and Khoy at the second class of economic quality. Also Oshnaveih and Chaldran were at last class of economic developing quality. Other counties have been midway and in under level of economic development.

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Ecotourism is a collection of organic and dynamic tourism industry while having considerable productivity and profitability, ensures economic development at deeper layers. This collection is not only a bed for the cultural development of communities rather it makes the environment serve the human curious soul and invites them to have a fascinating and enjoyable journey, filled with memories, to explore the unknown universe and become close to nature and be immersed in the relaxing and refreshing natural attractions. This paper aims to study natural attractions of Saman region and find their effect on attracting tourists. The main objective of this study was to investigate and understand the most significant capabilities and opportunities as well as bottlenecks and threats to the region to achieve specific pattern of ecotourism. For this purpose, the nature of the region was evaluated and its strengths and weaknesses were identified. The results showed the high weakness of the required infrastructures for tourism such as facilities, services, social, economic, cultural and communication infrastructures and considering the potentials of the region and long-term prospects of tourism development in Saman, suggestions for improving the current situation and the future upgrades of the region were presented in the form of short time (Task Force), medium-term and long-term intervals. It should be pointed that by providing comprehensive and systematic planning of tourism and investment incentives for the private sector, we can provide opportunities for ecotourism development in the area.

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This article is an attempt for evaluation of climatic aspects of rural traditions and new houses in Kahnamo (Osku-Tabriz). The vernacular architecture of Kahnamo has been grown up through times and in terms of using climatic and environmental aspects. Vernacular materials have been responsible for their habitants' demands. Thus, knowing these experiments despite contribution in sustainable development can be used in re-construction of dwellings and architectural spaces in the region. This article is a resaerch with survey method. For selecting the sample group imporbable sampling method was used. In this study 15 types of traditional and new dwellings of rural Kahnamo have been choosen, and then their response to climate have been evaluated in terms of using Mahoony indicators, climatic aspects and bio-climatical charts. Findings of this article indicate that vernacular architecture versus new houses has been so successful, due to optimized use of climatic aspects and natural sources. Thus their expriments and construction techniquces can be used in new cliamatical designs.

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The aim of this paper is city development strategies preference using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. In this research city development strategy preference for Esfahan metropolis was categorized in six main criteria including physical organizing spatial form, dynamism of urban economic, social livable, environment, sustainable accessibility and good governance. Each of these criteria was categorized in several sub criteria. Results of indicated that sub criterion of spatial equality with weighting mean 0.1 was determined in first rank, sustainable income with weighting mean 0. 6 were in second rank, urban tourism development with weighting average 0.7 and air pollution decreasing with weighting mean 0. 6 were in next ranks and finally vision statement of future city gained fifth rank. Ultimately have been discussed strategy planning

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This article is an attempt for evaluation of climatic aspects of rural traditions and new houses in Kahnamo (Osku-Tabriz). The vernacular architecture of Kahnamo has been grown up through times and in terms of using climatic and environmental aspects. Vernacular materials have been responsible for their habitants' demands. Thus, knowing these experiments despite contribution in sustainable development can be used in re-construction of dwellings and architectural spaces in the region. This article is a resaerch with survey method. For selecting the sample group imporbable sampling method was used. In this study 15 types of traditional and new dwellings of rural Kahnamo have been choosen, and then their response to climate have been evaluated in terms of using Mahoony indicators, climatic aspects and bio-climatical charts. Findings of this article indicate that vernacular architecture versus new houses has been so successful, due to optimized use of climatic aspects and natural sources. Thus their expriments and construction techniquces can be used in new cliamatical designs.

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The current research aims at the spatial evaluation and analysis of few development indices of the cities in Khuzestan Province. The major goal of this study is to analyze the cities’ competition rate of given indices in comparison with each other, in order to carry out integrated programming. This is an applied-quantitative study which takes use of 45 indices as well as the indexing methods and modified major factor analysis method, with the aim of determining the fruition rate of the cities in this province. The findings of the indexing method shows that 65% of the cities are at the level of “deprived” or “very deprived” which devote 38.57% of the total synthetic index to themselves. The modified major factor analysis shows that 5% of the cities of the province are at the level of “very propitious”, 5% of the cities are at the level of “propitious”, 20% of the cities are among “somewhat propitious”, 50% are included at the level of “deprived”, and 20% of them are at the level of “very deprived”. The findings of the modified major factor analysis method indicate that even though 70% of the cities in this province are at the level of “deprived” or “very deprived”, the share of the mentioned cities from the synthesis index is 39.04%. Generally, using the indexing techniques and modified major factor analysis method, the findings of this research show that the city of Ahvaz is the most appropriate and the city of Lali is the least appropriate one according to their fruition rate of the studied indices.

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Farmer empowerment plays important role in attaining agriculture development, today. Such empowerment facilitates agricultural development through their provision in cultivation, contribution to efficiency and output production raising, to naturalize farmers with productive marketing problems, natural resources and soil conservation, and in participation to rural leadership activities. The present applied research includes descriptive and analytical survey. We selected 194 inhabitant farmers in Ahar county rural areas by way of random sampling through the medium Cochran’s Test. Also research tool was questionnaire the validity of which was confirmed via different experts’ views Research reliability was calculated by sex throush Cronbakh α (α>0.86) formula. The influential factors to the empowerment of farmers were exploited to be 4 factors. The first factor was social-cultural explaining more than %27.61 from whole variance. The second factor was economical with, %17.75 from whole variance. The third factor was psychological explained %15.13 of whole variance, and the last was namely individual factor explained %12.44 from whole variance. Results showed that the most important affecting factors on farmers, empowerment are individual, economical, social-cultural and psychological the variance and explained accumulated variance of which number is (73.95) among au four factor.

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Abstract Application of quantitative criteria and methods for the grading system of settlements in the areas of spatial inequality in hand, to identify areas of settlements and the criteria to work towards reducing and eliminating disparities among them are considered. To identify areas of the state, and bottlenecks in capacity planning is important, so that economic, social, cultural and health indicators should be determined. A criterion for determining the status and problems in the areas of their failure to achieve economic prosperity and social well being is with this knowledge. The main purpose of this study was to determine the position of North Khorasan province in terms of development indicators, and the status of development at different levels and to compare them with each other. The results showed that compared with other provinces of North Khorasan province, based on Maurice and the standard score of 26 and taxonomy based on rank 28 were achieved. The problem of imbalance in the rate of development at different levels (and city) is evident, which was studied in detail. The gap has caused and exacerbated regional inequalities. Study of inequality at various scales, was one of the essential and basic steps for planning and reform for economic growth with social justice. It can address the regional disparities in the allocation of resources to be effective, Therefore, the imbalance, is one of the goals of development programs, and is essential it the long term. Deliberate policies and reasonable conditions necessary to reduce and eliminate the existing imbalances can be provided.

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Abstract This research has studied the effects of the milk collection network for the rural development, and the increasing rural welfare and strengthening rural-urban linkage especially in social and economic dimension. For this mean descriptive and analytical research methods were used. For collecting data needed, documentary methods and field studies have been applied. In field studies some of the tools like observation and complement questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data and information. For this, 42 villages and 15 milk collectors in a central district of Hashtrood township has been selectedthrough stratified sampling. In order to describe and analyze collected data, the SPSS software and descriptive statistics were applied. For hypothesis test in gresearch Wilcoxon sign rank test was applied. The results indicate that the creation of infrastructure and facilities for collection, processing and marketing dairy products were essential prerequisites for the development of dairy activities and the underlying increase in the welfare and economic development and improving relations between urban and rural areas. Therefore, in order to diversify agricultural income, especially considering how and what of the production of milk and livestock production in this section, along with reduced production costs can increase income and welfare in the rural area as well as help create and diversify job opportunity and finally economic sustainability

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Abstract This research was conducted for regional planning provision, and the evaluation of natural-managerial context of agricultural development in Kermanshah province townships in Iran. To this end we employed 8 indicators for measuring natural potentiality and 21 indices utilized for assessing managerial issues such as infrastructure, institutional, and work forces. After releasing indexes from various scales and weighting them on the basis of factor analysis method the final composite indicator was determined. According to the results of natural potentiality, Songhor and Kermanshah townships placed first and second with 5.49 and 5.06 score in the ranking and Salas and Babajani and Paveh townships with 3.46 and 3.74 acquired eleventh and twelfth positions. Also in respect of managerial development, Kermanshah and Eslamabad-e-Gharb townships with scores of 22.39 and 17.65 placed first and second in the ranking and Ghasre-shrin and Salas and Babajani townships with 6.36 and 4.02 acquired eleventh and twelfth position. Value of coefficient of variation for infrastructure (0.56), institutional (0.714), and work force (0.559) composite indicators indicate high disparity between the townships with regard to managerial contexts. Therefore, focusing on balanced agricultural development in the province was emphasized.

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Many researchers and scientists to Msabh agricultural development strategy of rural development and argue that agriculture as a main source of income and employment opportunities, could play a major role in rural development. Therefore, in this paper, we study and analyze the obstacles to agricultural development in the district boundary due to its important role as the dominant rural employment has been paid. Method: This descriptive - analytical, library and field data collection (questionnaires and interviews) were carried out. he population of the county korani survey is Four villages were selected using simple random sampling, using Cochran formula, 126 samples were designated as beneficiary. Preliminary tests carried out to obtain the reliability of the questionnaire and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the questionnaire more than0/72 respectively. Techniques using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and Expert Choice software were analyzed. The results indicate that the county corani greatest obstacle to agricultural development and structural factors, cultural factors, environmental and market priorities were next. Before doing any action for agricultural development in the region should take into account the integration of farm lands

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The recognition of physical-spatial development patterns of cities is necessary for achieving to urban sustainability. Because, many of scientists believed that a meaningful relation between urban form and urban sustainability exist. With attention to this issue, the purpose of this research is evaluating of Sabzevar physical-spatial development pattern with using quantities models such as size-rank rule, Gini coefficient, relative entropy, geary coefficient, density gradient and correlation analysis. Methodology of research is combination of inductive and apriority methods. The results of this research indicated that during 1993-2006 years, gross population density of Sabzevar very reduced and from 128 per/h received to 76 per/h. this reduction says that in these periods Sabzevar have had sprawl. Investigation of size-rank rule represented that during 1921-2006 rate of physical development growth is much more than rate of population growth. Density gradient in sabzevar in 2006 is reducing with distance from city center. It means that in Sabzevar city outskirts is developing. Investigation of Equal distribution grade of population with using Gini and relative entropy coefficient indicated that population distribution in Sabzevar in 2006 rather than 1993 has been equaled. Surveys of agglomeration grade of population with use of geary coefficient shows that distribution of population in Sabzevar city in 1993 has been random agglomeration while in 2006 became sprawl. The use of Holdern model indicates that significant part of sprawl in Sabzevar city has been occurred during 2003-2006 years. In these years, 30 percent of urban physical growth derives population growth and 70 percent of this growth derives sprawl and horizontal expansion and finally, Correlation analysis indicates that between gross population density and variables such as statistic district area, literacy, family dimension and family in residential unit had existed significant relations. Pay attention to this issue that during 1993-2006 years, sprawl has been one of the important features of physical development Sabzevar, it is necessary to urban Manager's restrict factors that create sprawl and horizontal expansion in Sabzevar city.

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Popular view of the development in the past ignorant to the distribution of special possibilities and under-constructions in different grounds in proportion with special capabilities of each region has formed present face of central cities. On the other hand, because of the problems such as savings arising from scale of possible attention and presentation of services and possibilities for each one of rural areas is not possible in action that will cause severity of communications between surrounding rural areas with central city for removing economic, social and service necessities. In present research we have tried to determine place and role of surrounding areas concerning with city and its development, with the use of environmental , economic , social and physical powers present methods which results in safe communication of surrounding areas with Shabestar. In this research, analytic method is descriptive–analytical using SWOT model, we tried to know the existing state of affairs, operations and actions and also possibilities and limitations of Shabestar and its surrounding area. Acquired results from data analysis have shown the role of surrounding areas in Shabestar development.

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Abstract In this research, after land use and slope mapping, the ecological capability of dry farming lands in Zilbar-chay watershed were evaluated to convert pasture using GIS in West-East Azerbaijan. Slope map was derived from DEM model and present land use map was derived using existing information, Landsat images, aerial photos and fieldworks. Then, land use and slope map were compared to discriminate the dry farming lands, which were distributed on more than 12% of slopes for converting to pasture. Results show that the discrimination between dry farming lands from rangelands according to the scale of the study and the size of cultivated lands was faced with problem, thus some parts of the rangeland and dry farming lands were mapped as complex units. Accuracy of the produced map was 77% and Kappa coefficient was 0.77. Total dry farming lands on watershed were estimated about 9,364 ha. Some 5,555 ha of dry farming lands has distributed on the area with the higher than 12% slopes, covering 2,352 ha of areas with 20 to 30% and 3,203 ha on the areas with 12 to 20% slope. From the ecological capability perspective these lands should be converted to other land uses such as pasture. By continuing current dry farming land practices on the areas with higher slopes and dry farming technical issues, particularly up and down tillage, would cause increase in the severity of degradation and in turn the loss of soil and water in a long period. While, if these areas convert to permanent vegetation cover (pasture), not only the amount of yield will be increased some 11,110 tons of forage per year and in comparison with wheat, the amount of yield will be increased about 2.4 times, but it also will improve the erosion control and soil and water conservation.

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The main purpose of this descriptive-correlative study was to identify and analyze the barriers to tourism development in Abyaneh village. The statistical population of the study consisted of all the heads of rural households in the village (N= 160). According to the Morgan & Krejcie table, a sample size of 110 was selected using a simple randomized sampling technique (n= 110). A questionnaire was used to collect the data. A panel of experts confirmed validity of the questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the scale of importance of barriers to tourism development in Abyaneh village” was equal to 0.87. Collected data were analyzed using SPSSWin18 6 English Abstracts software. The results of a factor analysis showed that five factors namely, infrastructural, supportive, motivational- cognitive, informative and social-cultural items explained 64.61 percent of total variances of barriers to tourism development in Abyaneh village, respectively. Considering the barriers, it is certain that lack of proper planning and management in solving the barriers, results in reducing rural tourist attractions and diminishing capacity and potential of tourism of the village in the long term and consequently losing tourism markets and the deprivation of local people of numerous benefits of tourism and ultimately making delay in the process of rural development. According to the results, following suggestions have presented in order to reduce barriers to tourism in Abyaneh village, creating the accommodation, health and welfare facilities and equipment at the village, developing a detailed master plan for tourism development with the participation of rural people and related organizations, holding the educational courses for villagers about the importance and benefits of tourism, recruiting and employing the trained personnel to provide guidance and consultation services to tourists and soon.

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In recent decades tourism is introduced as an instrument to achieve sustainable development and as a source of creating income and employment in rural areas especially in villages that have experienced depopulation process. In this regard, second homes development in rural areas with beautiful natural landscapes, indicates a main trend in reconstructing rural-urban relations with the purpose of using rural spaces for leisure and entertainment along with tourists accommodation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of second homes tourism and its effects on economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions in target villages in Hesar e Valiasr County (Boein Zahra- Qazvin province). 14 English Abstracts The research is applied and the used method is descriptive- analytical and for data collection we have used library and field methods (observation, interviews, and questionnaires) and for this reason 5 villages with tourism second homes in the county have been surveyed. For data analysis we used statistical tests such as one sample t-test and Multivariate linear regression. The results indicate that from the viewpoints of permanent residents there is a significant and positive relation between second homes tourism and economic, social and physical dimensions but in environmental dimension the relation is significant and negative. Also the result of regression analysis shows that second homes tourism had been effective 0.90 percent on permanent residents' satisfaction in studied villages so that among four rural development indicators (social, economic, physical and environmental), we can see the most effect of tourism second homes development on physical and economic indicators.

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One of the important aims of economic system is welfare increasing in the society. Regarding that they deem the achievement of sustainable development necessary in creation of welfare for all people. In this study is turned to the effect of cash subsidy on economic and social welfare of rural families in Jaydar rural district. The statistical community of the research‚ including the families of Jaydar rural district in Poldokhtar Township in the Lorestan Province contained 28 of inhabitant villages. In order to give effect to the subject and making objective the issues‚ 13 villages and 328 questionnaires were selected as sample using Cochran equation and because of the excessive volume of number of samples‚ we used the Cochran corrigendum method and 153 family questionnaires were distinguished. To describe and analysis‚ we used SPSS by way of one sample T test and for testing hypothesis we used correlation. The results shows that in the discussion of economic welfare‚ most effects of the subsidy is related to the family demand amounts increases and amount of nutrients. In the discussion of social welfare the high effect of performing this plan was in the amount of accessing to the services indicators and it had the desired effect on the nutrition cases improvement indicators and amount of diets variety. But indicators such as benefitting the hygienic‚ educational and leisure time had they not more effects. Therefore, it can be said that targeted subsidies increased the welfare of rural families.

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Planning for the development of marine tourism depends on a careful review and knowledge of the region and requires access to an outstanding model for analysis. In this study consolidated approaches SWOT- ANP for determining most appropriate strategy for the development of marine tourism in Kish Island. Since the SWOT model analysis is not suitable for internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) classification and the results are often incomplete list of internal and external factors, so it cannot comprehensively evaluate strategic decision making process. Therefore, in this study, in order to eliminate defects of SWOT model ANP technique is used. In fact, the network analysis between the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats establishes a dependency. Present research is applied in terms of goal and is descriptive-analytical in regard of study method and way of implementing. Based on research results, the best strategy for the development of marine tourism in the Kish island, is the strategy WO (benefit from political and management power to coordinate marine tourism related organizations, the development of marine transport in order to earn foreign exchange and investment capacity to ensure the welfare for tourists) and has the weight  of 501/0. Addition to strategy SO 0.473 weights is an alternative strategy.

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Arguing about the development is one of the basic topics studied in geography. Since there is a rich literature in this science regarding theoretical principles. Generally urban development could not be aimed purposefully unless it purposes certain strategies to provide necessary services for resident properly. This statement needs an understanding of the social and spatial equality conditions by urban managers and city planners. This paper attempts to deliver a ranking of Mashhad’s areas according to parameters of urban services. Methodology is descriptive-analytical، the Vikor multi-criteria techniques, is used to achieve the purpose of the study. The data gathering and required information collecting are done using library surveys and Field studies. The result of the research shows the thirteen areas of Mashhad city are equipped with different levels of services. In a way area 9 takes the first rank. The results also shows inequality development of the area regarding residents services so that the developed areas and the deprived ones, separately, are located in different level of development.